International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
ISSN Approved Journal | Impact factor: 8.771 | ESTD: 2013 | Follows UGC CARE Journal Norms and Guidelines
| Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Scholarly, Multidisciplinary and Open Access Journal | High Impact Factor 8.771 (Calculated by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool | Indexing in all Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator | Digital Object Identifier (DOI) |
| TITLE | Real-Time Parking Occupancy Detection Using Statistical Parametric Mapping on an Arduino Edge AI Platform |
|---|---|
| ABSTRACT | The growing demand for efficient urban parking management has accelerated the need for intelligent, low-cost, and real-time monitoring solutions. This paper presents the design and implementation of a real-time parking occupancy detection system based on Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) deployed on an Arduino-based Edge AI platform. The proposed system leverages lightweight image processing and statistical modeling techniques to analyze spatial variations in parking slot images and accurately determine occupancy status under varying environmental conditions. By integrating SPM with edge computing principles, the system minimizes latency, reduces dependence on cloud infrastructure, and ensures data privacy. The Arduino platform, combined with optimized algorithms, enables deployment on resource-constrained hardware while maintaining reliable detection performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves consistent accuracy in real-time scenarios with low power consumption, making it suitable for scalable smart parking applications in urban environments. The proposed approach offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative to conventional cloud-based parking management systems. |
| AUTHOR | DR.M.KARTHIKEYAN, LOKA SABARI S T, GAUTHAM S, MANOGAR V, DHARSHAN J Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Mahendra College of Engineering, Salem, India UG Students, Dept. of ECE, Mahendra College of Engineering, Salem, India |
| VOLUME | 183 |
| DOI | DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2026.1404126 |
| pdf/126_Real-Time Parking Occupancy Detection Using Statistical Parametric Mapping on an Arduino Edge AI Platform.pdf | |
| KEYWORDS | |
| References | 1. D. Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking. Chicago, IL, USA: APA Planners Press, 2011. 2. Y. Geng and C. G. Cassandras, “A new ‘smart parking’ system based on optimal resource allocation and reservations,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1129–1139, Sep. 2013. 3. S. Shao, M. Khursheed, and C. Zhang, “Vision-based parking-slot detection: A survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 2249–2262, 2020. 4. W. Shi, J. Cao, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, and L. Xu, “Edge computing: Vision and challenges,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 637–646, Oct. 2016. 5. X. Xu, Q. Liu, and Y. Luo, “A computation offloading method over big data for IoT-enabled cloud-edge computing,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 95, pp. 522–533, Jun. 2019. 6. P. Warden and D. Situnayake, TinyML: Machine Learning with TensorFlow Lite on Arduino and Ultra-Low-Power Microcontrollers. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O’Reilly Media, 2019. 7. K. J. Friston, A. P. Holmes, K. J. Worsley, J. P. Poline, C. D. Frith, and R. S. J. Frackowiak, “Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach,” Human Brain Mapping, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 189–210, 1994. 8. M. Idris, Y. Leng, E. Tamil, N. Noor, and Z. Razak, “Car park system: A review of smart parking system and its technology,” Information Technology Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 101–113, 2020. 9. Y. Huang, Z. Wang, and L. Wang, “Lightweight deep learning model for parking occupancy detection using MobileNet,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 45678–45689, 2023. 10. A. Sharma and R. Kumar, “Deep learning-based vehicle parking occupancy detection using transfer learning,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 5678–5687, Mar. 2023. 11. J. Kim, H. Lee, and K. Park, “Real-time parking space detection using panoramic images and deep learning,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 11234–11245, 2024. 12. L. Chen, X. Liu, and Y. Zhang, “UAV-based real-time parking monitoring using YOLO models,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 2345–2356, 2025. 13. R. Singh, P. Gupta, and S. Verma, “Edge AI-based smart parking system using IoT and embedded platforms,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 6789–6798, Apr. 2023. 14. H. Hassoune, W. Dachry, A. Moutaouakkil, and H. Medromi, “Smart parking systems: A survey,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2020. 15. G. Amato, F. Carrara, F. Falchi, C. Gennaro, and C. Vairo, “Deep learning for decentralized parking lot occupancy detection,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 72, pp. 327–334, 2021. 16. A. Khanna and R. Anand, “IoT-based smart parking system using deep learning,” Computer Communications, vol. 152, pp. 107–117, 2020. 17. W. Shi and S. Dustdar, “The promise of edge computing,” Computer, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 78–81, May 2016. 18. R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 4th ed. Pearson, 2018. |